Hardware - all the physical parts of a computer
Input - information going IN to the computer
Output - information going OUT of the computer
CPU - part of the computer that processes information
RAM - temporary memory your computer uses to store information it is currently working on
HDD - hard disk drive, slower and cheaper than a SSD
SSD - solid state drive, a fast permanent memory device
kilo-, mega-, giga-, tera-
Hertz - a measurement of speed, one thing per second
Bottleneck - the slowest part of a computer, which determines it's speed overall
HDMI & VGA - common video ports
USB, USB-C, micro-USB - ports used for inputs, outputs, and storage devices
Code.org - Great introduction to how computers work.
Crash Course Computer Science - Computer Science series aimed at high-schoolers.
Computerphile - YouTube channel with in-depth computer science topics. Be warned - this site goes deep!